The global rise of right-wing authoritarian populism poses a challenge to the Catholic theology of conscience. For decades, the church has emphasized the connection of conscience to absolute values in the face of political confrontation with Marxism and its inchoate totalitarian democratic descendants. But today’s right-wing authoritarian populist regimes raise different questions: about conscience and relationship, conscientious objection, and the relationship of the freedom of the church and freedom of conscience. This article reviews recent literature about this challenge.