Past Articles
Celebrating Nicaea: The Idea of Creation in the Early Church and Its Relevance for a Recent Ecumenical Initiative Toward a Feast of Creation
This article argues that the idea of creation provided the early church with an integrative framework by which to contemplate nature. Rather than being understood merely as backdrop to the spiritual life, nature was taken as the site in which the drama of the divine economy was revealed. A retrieval of this stance could have value for the contemporary church. This will be explored with reference to a recent ecumenical initiative for a “Feast of Creation” across worldwide communions.
The Place of Nicaea in Buddhist-Christian Theology
Several themes are as fundamental in Buddhist thinking as they are in the ancient and modern debates about the teaching of the Council of Nicaea (325). This article argues that if the interreligious dialogue urged by Vatican II had been more energetically sustained, a Buddhist-Christian conversation about the legacy of Nicaea could have been a significant ecumenical event, overcoming the monopoly of Eurocentric perspectives.
Nicaea and Rethinking the “Thinkability” of the Presence of God
On the Council of Nicaea’s 1700th anniversary, can its creed still be confessed by contemporary Christians in a culture full of “buffered selves” (C. Taylor) and suspicious of long-ago metaphysical worldviews and appeals to transcendence? This essay retrieves the “thinkability” and “experienceability” of the Nicene Creed by (1) considering its place in its usual performative liturgical setting, (2) recalling its provocative historical solution and the still-remaining ontotheological problem, (3) retrieving as much as possible the experience of revelation and salvation that the creed articulates, and (4) applying a performance hermeneutic that considers the creed as analogous to a musical score that needs performance-over-time for its meaning to be thinkable, experienceable, and revelatory.
From Nicaea to Africa: Legacy, Inspiration, and Cultural Contextualization of Theology
This article explores the connection between the Council of Nicaea and the church in Africa through two main perspectives: geography and the contributions of African theologians as well as theological and christological developments. The first part highlights Africa’s geographical and cultural significance to Nicaea, examining the involvement of African theologians in the council’s outcomes. The second, more detailed section analyzes how themes rooted in Nicaea have continued to influence African Christianity even as modern theological discussions do not explicitly and consistently reference the council. Taken together, these sections trace the enduring impact of Nicaea on the evolution of African theological thought.
The Role of Scripture at and Around the Council of Nicaea
This article argues that the Council of Nicaea, which has borne responsibility for moving the church away from a primarily scriptural mode of speaking, is, in fact, thoroughly grounded in what we might call “the symbolic universe of Scripture.” The events and documents that preceded, were contemporaneous with, and followed Nicaea all chart their own ways through that universe, even when they appear to have departed it. Today, the council beckons and helps guide the church, in particular its theologians, to live again in the world that Scripture produces.
The Council of Nicaea 325: Reassessing the Role of Eusebius of Caesarea
This article offers a comprehensive interpretation of the Council of Nicaea, in light of Eusebius of Caesarea’s role in the so-called Arian crisis. Given the historical-theological orientation of the study, it begins with hermeneutical caveats regarding the sources. It then examines the outbreak of the crisis, Eusebius’s theology before the controversy, the Ossius embassy, the Council of Antioch, and the Council of Nicaea itself. The article argues, first, that the key theological issue at stake was the strict eternity of the Son, which Eusebius of Caesarea denied; second, that Eusebius—not Arius—was the principal adversary of Alexander of Alexandria; third, that the Nicene theological discussions primarily revolved around Eusebius’s faith; and, fourth, that the homoousios implied the strict eternity of the Son.
From the Editor’s Desk
As this issue goes to press, just over a month has passed since Robert Francis
Prevost was elected pope, taking the name Leo. While it is certainly too early
to ascertain the precise direction this pontificate will chart for the life of the
church and its engagement with the world, the absence of certainty has done little to
quell the widespread tide of speculation. Indeed, almost immediately following Pope
Leo XIV’s introduction shortly after noon on May 8, 2025 from the iconic balcony
overlooking St. Peter’s Square, ecclesial observers and pundits began meticulously
scrutinizing every facet of his past and present ministry.
The 2024 Presidential Election
This Note recaps highlights of the 2024 US presidential election from a Catholic perspective. It is not this article’s aim to pronounce an authoritative postmortem on reasons for the election result, and post-inauguration actions of the second Trump administration are also outside its scope. Instead, this Note lifts up perspectives from recent theological work that shed light on major issues in the campaign. It will reflect on the key events in the election cycle and identify some similarities between the candidates’ positions before assembling theological work dealing with two issues where the candidates markedly differed: abortion and religious nationalism. It will close with some reflections on the semiotics of the candidates’ public personae that point toward calls for future moral-theological work.
“Why All the Fuss About the Body?” Gender, Ecclesiology, and Mary Douglas’s Grid-Group Theory
This article asks why matters of sex and gender are the nexus of theological and ecclesiological battles to the point of being church-dividing issues. I utilize Mary Douglas’s grid-group theory—her framework for correlating social form, body symbolism, and ritual density—to demonstrate that the body is a symbol of the social world and that different views of the body correspond with different ways of organizing a society. Thus, I argue that gender diversity is being perceived by the Catholic Church as a threat to ecclesial structure as well as to the church’s ritual life.
Confirmation, an Ecclesiological Anamnesis: History, Theology, and Praxis
Two theological models, which John Roberto has labeled the theological-maturity and the liturgical-initiation models, have dominated twentieth- and twenty-first-century interpretations of confirmation. Each is successful in explaining part of confirmation’s complex history and one or more of the various contexts for its practice in the Roman Catholic Church today. In this article, a new look at the theological significance of the early precursors of confirmation in North Africa, Iberia, Rome, and early medieval Europe is used to develop a third theological model. The ecclesial-anamnetic model posits that confirmation sacramentally proclaims the baptized person’s participation in the eschatological mission of the church. In North Africa, Spain, Gaul, and Rome, local contexts and tensions influenced the practices that became confirmation, but in each case, ecclesial visibility was at stake. As contexts emerged in which the visibility of the larger church was obscured at baptism, anamnetic methods for “citing” one’s baptism by means of a gesture used after baptism became important for manifesting ecclesial membership. In fact, a deeper theological examination of anamnesis can ground a model that adequately accounts for both the historical development of confirmation and its many pastoral modes today.
The Ghost of Modernism: Evocations of Anti-Modernist Doctrinal Documents at Vatican II
This article argues that Modernism was the pivotal “ghost” at Vatican II. Evocations
of Modernism and anti-Modernist doctrinal documents on the council floor were
numerous and often heated. Such evocations occurred in virtually every debate
where the development of doctrine was at stake. The council majority’s dismissal,
indeed rejection, of the anti-Modernist paradigm constituted a kind of revolution of
theological methodology. Understanding how anti-Modernist doctrinal documents
were evoked at Vatican II sheds important light on the council and its achievements,
compromises, and failures.
Daring After Hart: Lonergan, Blondel, and Balthasar on the Problem of Human Freedom
This article reconsiders the problem of human freedom in the wake of David Bentley
Hart’s That All Shall Be Saved. It renews and reasserts the crisis of every human
freedom’s eternal destiny. With insights from Maurice Blondel, Bernard Lonergan,
and Hans Urs von Balthasar, the article makes a case for distinctive conceptions of
human freedom, divine agency, and the problem of hell. The article closes by reading
Theo-Drama as a map marking places for further theological exploration.
From the Editor’s Desk
The journal’s readers are likely aware of the controversy created by Vice President JD Vance’s defense of the Trump administration’s “America First” policy. In an interview with Fox News’s Sean Hannity,1 he appealed to the idea of an ordo amoris (introduced by Augustine and developed by Aquinas). Some Catholic voices defended Vance’s interpretation,2 while others criticized it as misguided, particularly in regard to how it ignored the priority that Christianity gives to the urgency and desperation of our neighbors’ needs. As Stephen Pope put it, “No true Catholic ethic relegates mass numbers of distant suffering neighbors to the outer periphery of our moral concern.”3
Economic Sanctions
This note examines the extensive use of economic sanctions in US foreign policy, a development that has grown extensively in the last four decades without regard to presidential leadership. The issues surrounding sanctions include their definition, history, and effectiveness. Distinctions between kinds of sanctions are noted, as well as the consequences of their use, along with difficulties in employing sanctions. Finally, a moral assessment of the practice of sanctions is offered.
The Theology, Ethics, and Spirituality of Parenting
This note provides an overview of emerging theological scholarship on parenting, focusing on publications from the last two decades. The first section maps the role of magisterial teaching in shaping Catholic discussions of parenting as a vocation. The second section surveys literature on pregnancy, birth, and adoption, including recent work on the less socially visible experiences of infertility and pregnancy loss. A third section turns to the task of parenting children, addressing scholarship on family spirituality, the moral formation of children, specific ethical issues facing parents, and the relationship of parenting to the common good. Finally, a fourth section introduces the growing literature on motherhood, where women’s experiences of caregiving have proven generative for revisiting questions about care, embodiment, spirituality, and theological anthropology.
Grief as Epiphanous
Developments like COVID-19 and Black Lives Matter have exposed the distinctive
challenges to grief in our contemporary context. This article invites readers to see
grief as a choice that leads to revelations about the depths of human connectedness
that need to be recognized as integral to the moral life. After studying lament in Black
Lives Matter, we focus on what it means to grieve by pursuing three main topics: the
Bible and grief, anticipatory grief, and learning to move forward in grief. We conclude
by offering five different passageways of grief.
New Horizons for Justice in Theologies of Childhood and Children
Catholic theologians have called for a more robust theology of childhood and children in light of global clergy sexual abuse. While affirming the need to develop more substantive theological reflection about children, I express concern that Catholic thought on this topic has been adultist, solely reflecting adults’ perspectives and concerns to the detriment of children. To relate to children justly and engage in theological scholarship that fosters a child-safe culture, theologians must undergo a conversion to a childist orientation and methodology. This article examines how Karl Rahner’s theology reflects adultist aspects common to the broader Christian tradition but also offers positive resources for inspiring conversion. Drawing on Rahner’s theology, Margaret Farley’s account of justice, and my child-centered research, I offer preliminary ideas on the features and benefits of a childist orientation in theology.
El Cristo Roto: The Inverse Mutuality of the Presence of Christ in the Eucharist and in the Poor and Afflicted
Catholic Christian faith affirms that Christ is present both in the Eucharist and in the poor and afflicted. Yet theological reflection on the relation between these modes of presence remains considerably less developed than their prominence in the lived practice of the faithful would suggest. On an epistemic level, the same eyes of faith and love that recognize Christ in the Eucharist perceive Christ in the poor and afflicted, and vice versa. But this reciprocity issues in different, even contrary responses. Whereas the first mode of presence mediates the riches of participating in divine life and calls for worship and celebration, the second exhibits a privation that calls perceivers to unbind and repair the plight that provoked its appearance. As mutually entwined, both modes work in tandem to induce the church from inverse directions toward the just peace and reconciled love of the whole Christ.
Theological Ethics and Moral Helplessness in the Anxious Present: Responsibility and Repair
Theological ethics has inadvertently contributed to the diminished autonomy many
feel amid the anxieties of daily life. The shift from act-based ethics to totalizing ethics,
and Vatican II’s universal call to social justice, urged Christians to work for earthly
justice without offering tools for assessing one’s moral goodness when these projects
fail. Virtue ethics that is attentive to moral luck can help combat moral helplessness
by observing moral agency in action patterns that shape the self’s dispositions.
From the Editor’s Desk
This past December, I had the pleasure of attending a conference in Assisi, “The
Feast of the Mystery of Creation: A Deeper Catholic Exploration.” The theme
of the conference was the same as the earlier Assisi gathering held in March
2024: the possibility of establishing a universal feast on September 1 celebrating
God’s act of creating.1
The December conference, however, had a specifically Catholic
focus, as evidenced in both the arguments made and the identities of the attendees
(e.g., Vatican officials and Catholic scholars).
The discussion continued exploring the arguments identified at the March meeting.
For example, participants noted that the feast is needed in order to address a liturgical
lacuna: God’s act of creating is the one major belief of the Nicene Creed (“maker of
heaven and earth”) without a corresponding feast day celebration. Also, many
observed, it would be quite an ecumenical achievement were the Catholic Church to
establish the feast, given the prominence of September 1 in the Orthodox communion
and the fact that Anglican, Methodist, and Presbyterian communions have already
begun preparations to include it as part of their own liturgical calendars.