The article reviews the impact of Nostra aetate on Christian-Jewish relations and offers a Jewish perspective, including consideration of the Jewishness of Jesus as well as proposing a covenantal theology that grapples with supersessionism. It also explores the implications of the Holy See’s assertion in 1974 that “Christians must strive to learn by what essential traits the Jews define themselves in the light of their own religious experience” and suggests that the church did not know then, nor yet knows, the challenges this raises.